How to Reduce Electricity Usage

Electricity is one of primary needed of human being in this time; most of equipment in the world uses electricity . Now Indonesia is facing a serious problem because the over usage of electricity and the capacity of electricity is deficiency. The needs of electricity is increase every year, in this situation reduce usage of electricity is very important.Most highest electricity usage time is between 5 pm to 10 pm , this time is the best time for reduce or avoid the usage of heavy electricity consuming equipments like water heater, computer, refrigerator and etc. There are several steps involved in reducing electricity usage. First, use the saver energy lamp. Lamp is absorbing more electricity power than other equipment; light has longer usage than other equipment, especially for incandescent lamp. Many people still using incandescent lamp at their house, particularly for villager.They use incandescent lamp because is cheaper than the saver energy lamp like Phillips lamp for example, maybe it is more expensive than incandescent lamp, but the saver energy lamp have longer usage lifetime than incandescent, and it is brighter than incandescent lamp. But actually incandescent lamps have bigger power consumed than other lamp, and 19% of electricity is absorbing by lamp. â€Å"Incandescent lamps are marketed in various forms and are available for voltage (voltage) of work that range from 1. 5 to 300 volts of electricity required volt. Incandescent lamp to produce a bright light is bigger than any other artificial light sources like fluorescent lamps and diode light, then gradually in some countries began to be restricted circulation of incandescent lamps† (1) Second, switch off all the electricity equipment when not in use. Many people forget for switch off the equipment went they leave, they just left it in the on condition and that really waste the electricity.The standby mode just decreases electricity usage of the device, but it still absorbing the electric ity power. To avoid this happened, better if use automatically off timer on television, air conditioner, and etc, it will switch off the equipment automatically and reduce wasting electricity. Third, do not use the heavy electricity equipments from 5 pm until 10 pm. In this time, the user of electricity is the highest usage number. One of the wasting electricity causes is because using heavy electricity equipment.Like ironing or use washing machine. It can increase the usage of electricity, better if using this kind of equipment at the daylight and use it when the clothes already pile up and that is really save the electricity power. â€Å"If 10 million house users can save as big as 50 watt during 5 pm until 10 pm, we can save electricity power 2500 million watt hour (2500 MWh). If each 1 KWh electricity needs 0,3 liter diesel , that means we were saving 750 kiloliter diesel in 5 hour. † (2) Last, use sunlight and wind at daylight as useful as possible.Sunlight can dry laund ry naturally without use dry machine, dry machine absorb twice time bigger electricity power than when washing clothes. And open all the windows in the house, so the sunlight can come in and we do not need lamp as the lighting. Sunlight also can be changed to the synthetic electricity with the solar panel, that why use sunlight is really useful. Besides that Turning off air conditioner or fan and use wind as the change, it will reduce much electricity power.By doing this several steps, the ways to save electricity usage will be easier. It also can help government to resolve the deficiency electricity problem. Besides that, it can decrease the electricity payment too. And many advantages can be reaching, like increase the lifetime of equipment (because it not use often) and reducing global warming. And this is really useful for the better future.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Breast

Anatomy & Physiology Information Flowchart/Display The Incredible Human Body Flip Charts 03. 03. 001 Your body is one of the most amazing machines you'll find anywhere! Find out what's inside of you, and learn about how your different organs work. Look at the clear plastic overlay charts to see how the different body structures fit together. And when think you've learned everything, try out the Mix ; Match Human Body Sticker Quiz! The is flowchart includes: 12 body charts, 5 guesthouse layer posters and 18 reusable peel-off stickers. Copyright 2008, Hastings ; Rather Health Promotion Resources CentrePage 1 Anatomy ; Physiology Game The Body Game 03. 04. 001 Jane Bunting and Jane Coney All children are fascinated by the human body and how it works. The Body Game is a fun way for children to find out about different parts of the human body and discover what these parts of the body can do. Designed for children aged 3 to 6. Page 2 Anatomy ; Physiology Model/Teaching Aid Cross Section He art Model 03. 07. 020 Female Reproductive Display 03. 07. 017 This soft foamed model separates to create a cross-section view of the heart for hands-on classroom demonstrations. https://donemyessay.com/anatomy-and-physiology/The areas of the heart are labeled on the inside. Model measures CACM in diameter. Ages 7+ The Female Reproductive Display effectively shows the parts of the female each part has and process of fertilization. Complete with 7 removable parts, 8 labels, teachers' notes and work sheet. Size 42 x CACM. Eye In Orbit 03. 07. 010 Flexible Spine 03. 07. 012 This model shows the eye with optic nerve in its position in the bone orbit (floor and medical wall). The eyeball is dismissible into both halves of the sclera with cornea and eye muscles, both halves of choroids with iris and retina, lens and vitreous humor. Times fulfills, with 7 parts. Dimensions: 18 x 26 x LLC. Flexible Spine with Pelvis: showing indications of spinal cord, nerve roots, vertebral arteries and prolapsed disc. Complete with stand. Giant Three-part Ear 03. 07. 01 1 Female Pelvis 03. 07. 002 A detailed representation of the female pelvis (median section) with sexual organs is given in this two-part, life- size model. Its internal sexual organs, urinary bladder, and rectum are removable. Dwarfing ordinary ear models, this unbreakable polymer reproduction depicts the human organ of hearing and balance scaled to 5 times life size.Thirty-six hand- numbered features are identified in the accompanying key. Overall dimensions of Giantess: 16 x 11 x 7 inches (41 x 26 x CACM) Page 3 with a stand, and has movable arms and legs. Head & Neck: Median Section 03. 07. 004 Organ Tunic This model (median section of head & neck) is life-size and shows important This highly tactile resource, includes 11 velour-on D organs and it is embroidered with a pelvis, spine and D ribcage. The intestine may be unraveled to show its length. Includes a set of 11 detailed labels and a reference sheet. Size 700 XML Heart: Model 03. 07. 006This heart model is enlarged to about twice natural size and can be separated into four parts, mounted on a base. Pelvic Model 03. 07. 014 Male Reprod uctive Display 03. 07. 021 A convenient, portable model providing a dimensional visual aid, can be used to demonstrate the insertion and location of a diaphragm or intra-uterine device to patients. Lunches an information Brochure Pupils need to understand the process of reproduction; using this interactive display the main components of the reproductive organs are clearly demonstrated. Includes 9 removable parts, 9 labels, teachers' notes and worksheets. Size 42 x CACM.Section Of Skin 03. 07. 005 Relief model of the skin showing two hair follicles (fully exposed and in section) and two sweat-glands. On a base and approximately 70 times enlarged. Mini-skeleton 03. 07. 008 Approximately 26†³ high, this mint-skeleton is a first-class model of a human skeleton. Suitable for teaching basic anatomy, it comes Copyright 2008, Hastings & Rather Health Promotion Resources Centre Page 4 Unhealthy Organ Pack 03. 07. 009 The Anatomical Chart Series This Anatomical Chart Series features 48 t itles in full color. Charts sorted into 3 sections:- Systems of the Body, Structures/Organs and Disease/Disorders.Pop open the hidden easel, flip charts for individual viewing. Ideal for studying human anatomy, patient consultation or quick reference. Using differing textures, colors & lumps these organs show the harmful effects of smoking and alcohol. The pack includes 8 organs, 7 labels, 10 blank labels and detailed teacher's notes. This pack of organs is highly effective when used in conjunction with the organ tunic [03. 07. 003]. The Human Body: Bag Of Bones 03. 07. 015 This realistic embroidered skeleton has a full set of bones which velour to the aground. The background can be folded into a carry case for storage.Includes 20 fabric bones, 2 sets of labels and reference sheet. Size: 50 x 140 CM (unfolded) Torso 03. 07. 001 This mint-torso shows anatomical details and consists of seven removable parts. ? Right and left lung? Heart? Liver? Stomach? Small and large undomesticated on a stand. Page 5 Anatomy & Physiology CD-Room body, and learn about everlastingly part where it is found, what it does, and how it works. My Amazing Human Body 03. 09. 003 My Amazing Human Body CD-Room is packed with interactive games, hilarious animation, and stunning D graphics.Not only will it give children a unique insight into the workings of the human body, it will also stimulate them to investigate for themselves. They will love taking the body apart, extracting teeth, taking x-rays and measuring organs. Promotes active learning and makes â€Å"finding-out† fun. Simple navigation makes this CD-Room ideal for school or at home. The Ultimate d Skeleton The Ultimate D Skeleton CD-Room enables you to explore the entire human skeleton in D. Not only can you identify and learn the function of every bone in your body, oh can also play film sequences that allow you to look at bones from unusual angles.The index is specially designed to give the user access to information on any part of the human skeleton and the exciting quiz feature tests what you have learnt. The Ultimate Human Body 03. 09. 001 This CD-ROOM takes the most fascinating Journey of all – an exploratory trip into the secret world of the human body it-self! You can look beneath your skin, take a guided tour of the structure, systems, and organs of your Copyright 2008, Hastings & Rather Health Promotion Resources Centre Page 6 Anatomy & Physiology Video Bones & Movement 03. 1 1. 001 accompanies the series.Aimed at 9-11 year olds. Heart & Circulation This video incorporates live-action, animation and x-rays illustrating how bones are held together by ligaments, how different kinds of Joints function, and how bones are cushioned from shock. The process of the body's healing of a broken bone and the positive effect of gravity on bone strength are also demonstrated. 03. 11. 002 Food & Growth 03. 1 1. 003 This video explains that for the human body to remain alive and active, its cells ha ve o be supplied with nutrients and oxygen and waste products must be carried away.This process is accomplished by your blood and heart, which keep blood traveling through two complete circuits. This video explains how we grow and the importance of food to the human body. Explaining in detail how the digestive system works. The Human Body 03. 1 1. 004 Health E: Series 1 03. 11 . 005 woman called Blood.

Examine different sociological views on changes in the experience of childhood

There have been many changes in society that have affected children over the last 50 years, however there are several different sociological views on whether these changes have been beneficial to children or not. Functionalist sociologists have the ‘march of progress’ view, as they believe that the experience of childhood has massively improved over the last 50 years. They believe that society is more child-centred today than ever before.The introduction of contraception has led to couples having smaller families, therefore meaning that children now tend to receive more attention from their parents. Similarly, parents are also able to care for their children better due to the introduction of the welfare state and child benefits. Climbie’s case and ‘Every Child Matters’ has led to the improvement of social services and child protection, meaning childhood is much safer now than it was 50 years ago.Children are also in better health due to the NHS, meani ng more children survive childhood now than ever before. All children can now receive state education up until the age of 18, meaning they are better educated and can achieve much higher in adulthood, whilst experiencing a longer period of youth. All of these changes have improved the experience of childhood and cause Functionalists to believe that things are getting better. However, Marxist and Feminist sociologists disagree, claiming that the march of progress view is too positive.They believe that a child’s experience of childhood depends on their class, ethnicity and gender, and that Functionalists overlook the inequalities between these factors. This is called the ‘conflict’ view. Class has an effect on childhood as generally if a family is poor, the children are more likely to have a poor upbringing. Ethnicity is found to have an effect as Asian parents have been found to be much stricter on their kids.

Analyse why London Ambulance IT project failure accurred, and where Essay

Analyse why London Ambulance IT project failure accurred, and where similar organisations might learn valuable lessens so that future IT projects don not folow - Essay Example The London Ambulance Service IT project was too ambitious and is an apt example of failure where technology was mistaken to be the solution. The London Ambulance Service (LAS) was responsible for accepting emergency medical calls and for dispatching ambulances as appropriate. LAS employed a computer aided dispatch (CAD) system to understand the emergency, resource the ambulance and dispatch. The ambulances were also fitted with an automatic vehicle location system (AVLS) which facilitated the CAD to track its progress in fulfilling a particular requirement. This project to make a CAD first started in 1987 with a budget of 3 million pounds. The objective was to automate human intensive processes of manual dispatch systems. It was abandoned in 1990 when the costs overshot but then a new management team was appointed in January 1991. After many deliberations, the system did go partially live a year later only to shut down in October 1992. LAS was the largest in the world, which covered 600 sq miles, 7 million people and had a fleet of 700 ambulances. Founded in 1930, LAS attended to 1600 emergencies per day. Government changes in NHS from mid-80s onwards led to pressure on LAS due to internal market, which led to management restructuring and disputes over working practices (London Ambulance Service Case Study). The magnanimity of the service did cause bottlenecks. Communication errors, difficulty in identifying the right locations, human judgment in identifying duplicate calls were disrupting services. To bring about overall efficiency computerization was sought. Various factors were responsible for the failure of the project, which include management ethos, bad procurement process, timetable, inexperience of suppliers, inadequate testing, poor quality assurance, poor training, and finally inadequate project management. The biggest mistake that occurred was

General Motors Company Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Motors Company Management - Essay Example GM is regarded as one of the foremost leaders in the automobile industry which became much interested in implementing the technology of lean manufacturing for fulfilling its expected business targets. In the early 1980s, GM observed the execution of the Toyota Production System by several Japanese auto manufacturers. Thus, GM became much interested in the implementation of the same. In the year 1994, GM negotiated with Toyota and adopted the practice of lean manufacturing technology (the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). The execution of the technique relating to lean manufacturing had marked a significant success within GM. The technology certainly enhanced the quality of the products that the company manufactured along with served to the customers and most significantly enhanced the profitability of the organization. Discussion The implementation of lean manufacturing technique has provided GM with numerous benefits. It supported the organization in terms of qua lity improvement, cost reduction, increased volume of sales and also control of production related aspects with the aim of meeting customers’ needs. ... It can be apparently observed that relating to the execution of lean manufacturing based technique at Lansing Grand River Assembly (LGRA) plant of GM, the technique supported the organization to control production and comply with varied customer demands by a greater degree. This can be justified with reference to the fact that the worldwide manufacturing tactics of GM focused on enhancing product quality along with plant productivity in manufacturing world-class vehicles. These tactics eventually supported GM towards controlling its different production techniques and most importantly meeting demands of its customers conveniently (the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2003). Thus, after the implementation of all the above-discussed strategies that can be associated with lean manufacturing technology, it can be affirmed that the organization is quite able to satisfy the needs of the customers through controlling the material costs of the vehicles. It can be apparently obs erved that GM not only controlled the procedure of overproduction but also satisfied the demands of the customers through lessening costs and delivering products on time. After the invention of lean manufacturing techniques, most of the automotive-based organizations observed the rise of competition in their respective businesses. It has been viewed in this regard that the competitive position of the Japanese automotive organizations reduced due to the adoption of lean technology by the companies belonging to the US. This is owing to the reason that the average time taken in the production of vehicles in the US is quite lesser i.e.16.6 hours in comparison with that of Japan.  

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MARKETING - Essay Example Conformity may engender a force that in itself threatens to destroy the essence of competition. For competition requires the creation of differential advantage. But competing institutions have a tendency to become alike and to imitate each other, and thereby eradicate the differences that comprise the essence of competition The main opportunities are reduced prices and increased international operations, improved service quality and low barriers to trade. Thus, the main threat is negative publicity and critique of fast food industry and obesity problems caused by restaurants like MacDonald’s (Macdonald’s Home Page 2009). Modern technology is the necessary and sufficient condition for the creation of mass culture. Our society with its mass culture emphasizes higher standards of living and expanding expectations. But this massification has been assailed. Ours has been termed the homogenized, Philistine society. The mass media, television, movies, newspapers, and magazines, which are among the tools of market communication, have been proclaimed the purveyors of a mass culture that has a relatively low common denominator. The tendency to conformity is tempered by dynamism and change. Marketing analysts should be well aware of the significance of sociological factors; they have been described as socio-graphics. Predictions of them give indications of the dimensions of future markets. 2. VALS typology is an interesting and useful tool to analyze customer-based strategies and evaluate their strengths and drawbacks. Thus, this typology is not accurate and objective as it describes only eight types of buyers and market segments. Buyer behavior is more complex that it is described by VALS typology. Economists and marketing people seem to have differing perspectives on the value of life-style concepts and findings. In most economic studies (although these are exceptions), the life style of a

Regulatory policy and Strategic Assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Regulatory policy and Strategic Assets - Essay Example in case of retailers the suppliers of the different items sold by the retailers whereas the horizontal integration involves the acquisition of the competitors in order to increase the market share of the firm. (Joyce & Woods, 2001) This line of thinking within retail chains therefore indicate that the increased emphasis on the mergers and acquisitions during 1990s was also more driven by the fact that the firms realized that through these carefully selected strategic assets, these firms can actually achieve more efficiency. However, during 1980s the focus was on the use of LBO as a mean of acquiring new firms and utilized the power of debt in order to increase the market penetration and firm value. Further, firms also realized that acquiring their suppliers will basically increase their bargaining position and thus will allow them to compete more easily based on the price based factors because retail chain stores can only compete based on the lower prices. Either way, the process of mergers and acquisitions generally increase the market power of the firms and therefore may lead to the further increase in the concentration of some bigger retail chains in the market while driving away smaller or mid sized players from the market. This is also evident from the fact that large retail chain stores can easily obtain large tracts of lands and can even keep them un-developed just to drive the competition away. One of the most important arguments which can be put forward in this regard is the fact that the barriers to entry in this segment of the business are low. Such low barriers to entry therefore can allow smaller as well as large players to easily enter and exit the market at lowest cost. As such if the retail chains are large supermarkets, they allow them to develop better bargaining position and thus offer better prices to the customers. Further, the degree of competition in the market

Which architect or what building Inspired you to study architecture Research Paper

Which architect or what building Inspired you to study architecture and want to become a professional Architect - Research Paper Example The famous buildings in the world like the former world trade centre, white house, and other buildings in the world are constructed under architectural world. In the contraction of these buildings, creating thinking and manipulation in required. Material, light technology, and shadow have to be coordinated in order to give the house its expected design, and physical look. I was specifically inspired with the manner in which the former world trade centre was contracted which made me aspire to become and architecture. This paper will explore extensive reasons why I want to become a professional architect. It will also look at the work of my inspirational architect Minoru Yakmasaki in constructing the famous world Trade Centre and Pruit-Igoe. Inspirational Architect / Designer Minoru Yakmasaki My inspirational is Minoru Yakmasaki a Japanese-American architect. He is famous for his design of the twin towers of the World Trade Centre. Minoru Yakmasaki was born in December 1912 but later p assed on in February 1986. He is considered one of the most famous architects of the 20th century. He grew up mainly in Washington DC where he joined his high school. Minoru Yakmasaki later proceeded to University of Washington where he pursued a program in architecture in 1929 and graduated five years later with a Bachelor of Architecture. He tirelessly worked and later joined a master’s program at New York University. He is credited with many architectural designs as an employee of various companies (Killen 2007 p.212). Minoru Yakmasaki’s Architectural works Pruitt–Igoe Pruit-Igoe was an urban housing project built in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States in 1954 with the design done by Minoru Yakmasaki (Killen 2007 p.212). It is notably one of Minoru Yakmasaki’s first major assignments as architecture. The project as proposal by Yakmasaki was to include a mix of high-rise, mid-rise, and walk-up parts as noted by Trancik (1986). However, there were c ounter proposals to have the building built uniformly. Several architects, however, later jointly considered that Minoru Yakmasaki’s proposal was the best for the project and was therefore worth being adopted. The building was put up on a slum, which required the ground level to be raised in order to save on ground flow space for the sake of daily social activities. The building stood on about 57 acres of land within the slum. The building had about 2,870 apartments, their kitchens being relatively. Since the building was a storied building, it had elevators but the elevators could only serve certain floors. This meant that occupants of the floors not having elevators had to use stairs to climb. The floors were generally equipped with large communal corridors, garbage sites, laundries and the living rooms. The houses had poor ventilation, and dark corridors (Trancik 1986). All this were attributed to poor planning, and the fact that the materials used were of poor quality. Th e World Trade Centre The famous World Trade centre is another building designed by Minoru Yakmasaki. It was composed of a complex seven buildings with landmark twin towers in New York, United States. The construction of the building was designed in 1960s but was officially opened in 1973. The building was however brought down by terrorist attacks in September 11, 2001. The building had 110 story towers, which was designed using a tube frame structure. The building had to be fitted with elevators to allow ease of movement, as the building was too tall to use stairs. However, Minoru Yakmasaki did not find fixing the elevators easy, which he considered as one the

Global product Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global product - Case Study Example Theodore Levitt (Philip Kotlar, 2000) postulated that corporations that try to sell standardized or global products across diverse global markets are better able to tap in their core competencies and reduce costs through standardization not only of the product but also of the distribution channels and promotional activities. Such a strategy, that Keegan calls Straight Extension1, indeed works with consumer electronics including house-hold goods like washing machines, TV sets, music systems etc. This straight extension involves introducing exactly the same product in a new market (region or country), using the same promotional and distributional strategy that is being used at home. A product that is capable of being accepted per se, and appeals to customers surpassing geographical or cultural difference, would indeed be a global product. It is argued that due to the proliferation of media, Internet, and other means of communication, consumers throughout the world are now exhibiting a taste for common products and services. As such, a truly global product is possible to nurture and maintain in a variety of different world regions. Microsoft had introduced X-Box 360 to three different regions - North America, Europe and Japan, in November last year. (Planet Xbox 360 News, 2nd Feb 2006) The product is aimed at those between 15 and 35 years of age, having disposable incomes, and interested in technology. Microsoft was able to recognize this segment (that spans over three very different continents) and come up with a standardized product and promotional activity to sell it globally. Similarly, the recent introduction of Apple's iPod Nano (Apple.com, and NonStopMac.com) has displayed the proliferation of a global culture that appears to have the hip, trendy, and financially affluent people as its members. This ultra slim and attractive product has caught the imagination of the people world wide - and even given rise to terms like "nanogasm" (urbandictionary.com) - a word coined to mean the utter excitement caused by just thinking about the sleek and trendy iPod Nano. However, there have been more failure than success stories, about how organizations lost millions when they adopted the Straight Extension approach and tried to barge in on the new markets' sensibilities, disregarding the cultural and social nuances. For example, when Philips introduced its large capacity coffee makers in Japan, it found few takers, though Japanese liked coffee and drank it at home too. (Philip Kotler, 2000). It was soon discovered that as Japanese kitchens are smaller, and the Japanese culture is biased towards zero wastage and preservation of food, Philips coffee makers were not welcomed there. By reducing the size of the product, Philip was finally able to make profits in this market. In India, where there is still problem of regular electricity and water supply in even the bigger cities, IFB's fully-automatic front-loading washing machines are not preferred, even by those who believe it to be superior to other brands and makes available in the local market. As can be seen by the above cases, there are many aspects that can prevent a product from becoming a global entity. It is almost impossible, and at times foolish, to

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Justice - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that the criminal justice system protects the citizens from the criminal elements. The system includes the United States courts of law. First, the criminal justice system includes the collection of federal agencies, state agencies, and local agencies that focus on monitoring and resolving the United States’ criminal incidents. Each department has the responsibility and as well as authority to process suspects in any reported crime under its jurisdiction. Likewise, each department must take control of and ensure custody of each defendant in any crime. Lastly, each department shall ensure each convicted felon serves each sentence that the courts render on each suspect or defendant. In addition, the legislative branch of the United States government creates the basic framework of each criminal justice department. Ralph Henham insists the criminal justice laws must shift to the restorative justice concept. The concept sta tes that each convicted felon is trained by the penitentiary to drop their evil ways become productive members of society, after serving their jail sentences. In addition, judicial branch of the United States implements its own basic framework for each criminal justice department to implement. Geoffrey Scarre emphasizes the courts include mitigating or aggravating circumstances when deciding cases. Finally, the executive branch of the United States government implements its own tenets for each criminal justice organization. ... Mental disorders among the juveniles significantly increase the possibility of their arrests. However, other research findings indicate the criminal justice organization must be cautious or compassionate when arresting or taking custody of the confused juvenile delinquent, especially those with acquired deficit activities and opposition defiant problems. Further, the prisons are responsible for monitoring the convicted felons and suspects within penitentiaries. Bean Philip (1999) reiterated the technology reduces the cost to hire more jail guards and within the penitentiary. Technology includes the use of CCTV cameras replace human beings as keepers of the peace and surveillance tools within the jail premises. In addition, the courts weigh the evidences as basis passing judgment. K. Douglas (Douglas, 1997) reiterates the Jury used photographic evidences to strengthen the guilty verdict. In addition, bureaucracy maximizes the criminal justice organization’s efficiency. However, the line and staff organization reduces flexibility. During some occasion, the bureaucracy is synonymous with the red tape. Red tape means there are too many unnecessary rules, laws, or policies that may hinder fast, effective, and efficient implementation of the justice. Often bureaucracy impedes immediate implementation of justice. The leadership in criminal justice organizations. Ron Cacioppe (1997) accentuates leadership wisdom is of prime importance in the criminal justice organization. First, the leaders must hone their current skills in critical thinking. Next, the leaders of the criminal justice organization should enhance their current crisis leadership prowess. In addition, the criminal justice system’s leaders must improve their present change management

7 main approaches in psychology Essay Example for Free

7 main approaches in psychology Essay *Many psychologists may believe that each perspective has valid explanations depending on the specific situation, and this point of view is called eclectic. This term refers to the claim that no one perspective has all the answers to the variety of human thought and behavior. Psychologists tend to use various perspectives in their work depending on which point of view fits best with the explanation. Humanistic (1950s-Present) Carl Rogers-Person-centered therapy and unconditional positive regard Abraham Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs and Self-Actualization Unique aspects of human experience Belief that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional or spiritual needs. Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (1900-Present) Sigmund Freud-Personality and States of Consciousness Carl Jung-the most important and lifelong task imposed upon any person is fulfillment through the process of individuation, achievement of harmony of conscious and unconscious, which makes a person one and whole Alfred Adler-IndividualPPsychology, a term which is sometimes misunderstood. It refers to the indivisibility of the personality in its psychological structure. Unconscious determinants of behavior Belief that the unconscious minda part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access tocontrols much of our thought and action. Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders.  Roger Sperry-showed that if the two hemispheres of the brain are separated by severing the corpus callosum (the large band of fibers that connects them), the transfer of information between the hemispheres ceases, and the coexistence in the same individual of two functionally different brains can be demonstrated. George Miller-The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information Physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior. How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Evolutionary/Darwinian (Also called sociobiologists) (1980s-Present) David Buss-His primary interests include the evolutionary psychology of human mating strategies; conflict between the sexes; prestige, status, and social reputation; the emotion of jealousy; homicide; anti-homicide defenses; and stalking. Charles Darwin-the Origin of Species in 1850. Evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals. Examines human thought and behavior in terms of natural selection. Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success. B.F. Skinner-Operant Conditioning and invented the Skinner Box Effects of environment on the overt behavior of human and animals. Explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning and look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors. Belief that only observable events (stimulus response relationships) can be studied scientifically.  Noam Chomsky-Theorized the critical-period for language acquisition Herbert Simon-one of the founding fathers of modern research in artificial intelligence Ulric Neisser-focused on pattern recognition, visual search, brief information processing, and memory. Thoughts; mental process Examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. The rules that we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do. Overall, human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information.

Infections in Hb SD Disease

Infections in Hb SD Disease Case Report HBSD Disease, a compound heterozygote condition presentation with stroke Dr. Hasnain Afzal 1 Dr. Syed Farrukh Umair 2 Abstract Haemoglobin SD ÃŽ ²S/ÃŽ ²D is a rare compound heterozygous Haemoglobinopathy which presents as severe disease similar to homozygous sickle cell anemia(1). The patient being reported is a 8 yr old girl, Kiran who is a resident of Larkana, presented with complains of fever and headache for 15 days which progressed to generalized tonic clonic seizures and acute loss of consciousness while being treated in Larkana. After the child was stabilized, a thorough history, physical examination was done; initial laboratory tests, lumbar puncture, and MRI were performed. Treatment was started on the lines of acute meningoencephalitis on clinical suspicion. On peripheral blood film, sickle shaped cells, target cells, poikilocytosis, anisocytosis were noted and Hb Electrophoresis was sent which showed compound heterozygous state for Hb S/ Hb D. The lumbar puncture was negative for CSF infection and an alternate diagnosis was sought Introduction The adult hemoglobin HbA molecule consists of two ÃŽ ± chains coded by 4 genes on chromosome 16 and two beta chains coded by 2 genes in the ÃŽ ² gene cluster on chromosome 11(2). Sickle Hemoglobulin Hb S is a beta chain variant which occurs when valine is substituted for glutamic acid on the surface of the Hb S molecule in the sixth codon of the beta globin chain whereas the most common subtype of HbD i.e HbD Punjab also known as Haemoglobulin D Los Angeles (after the city where it was first discovered) is also a beta chain variant caused by a glutamic acid to glutamine substitution at codon 121 of the beta globin gene. HbS is associated with a number of compound heterozygous syndromes with other mutant beta globin which include Hemoglobin SC disease, Sickle beta+thalassemia, Sickle beta0thalassemia, Sickle alpha thalassemia, Sickle hereditary persistence of HbF (sickle HPFH), Other less common sickle cell syndrome variants (eg, delta beta0thalassemia, Hb Lepore, HbD, HbO Arab, HbE). HbSD presents as mild to moderate hemolytic anemia unlike HbD homogyzous and simple hetrozygotes which are usually asymptomatic.(3) Discussion A study done on abnormal hemoglobin variants among the major ethnic groups of Karachi in 2002 showed that 60% had iron-deficiency anemia and 40% had hemolytic anemia, of which 20.6 % was due to thalassemia major, 13% thalassemia trait, 5.1% sickle cell disease, 0.76% hemoglobin D Punjab (HbD Punjab), 0.32% hemoglobin C (HbC), and 0.22% hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) (4).Hb S is the most common Hb variant, its clinical outcome is severe in homozygous or when associated with other hemoglobinopathies, such as beta-thalassemia, Hb C or Hb D. (5). A number of studies have been done on Hb S and Hb C but Hb D is still poorly studied especially in Pakistan. Hemoglobin D has several varients such as HbD Punjab (Los Angeles), Hb D Iran, Hb D Ibadan and Hb D Bushman but the most common variant is HbD-Los Angeles (also called HbD-Punjab). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to separate hemoglobin polypeptide chains in the laboratory. High performance liqu id chromatography (HPLC) employs ion exchange method to identify and exchange various fractions of Hb.Hb D can be also distinguished from Hb S by acid electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing (IEF) (separation according to isoelectric points). On alkali electrophoresis (cellulose acetate) Hb D Punjab migrates slower than Hb A which is similar to HbS but its migration under acid electrophoresis (agarose gel) is similar to Hb A (6) In HbSD disease, HbD does not take part in the sickling process, as patients homozygous for HbD do not sickle but mild hemolytic anemia, mild to moderate splenomegaly may occur (7,8). Studies has indicated that although HbD itself does not polymerize, it increases the hydrophobic interaction between Hb S molecules and facilitates the polymerization of HbS thus enhancing the severity of the disease. (9) HbD heterozygotes with normal HbA have no clinical or hematologic alterations. (6) Table 1.1: Hb Electrophoresis : Test Done on high performance liquid chroma tography (HPLC) Haemoglobin Test Percentage Normal Percentage Haemoglobin A 20.7% (98-100) Haemoglobin A2 2.6% (1.5-3.5) Haemoglobin F 13% (1-2) Haemoglobin D 37.9% (0.0-0.0) Haemoglobin S 25.8% (0.0-0.0) Interpretation A+F+D+S+A2 Case Report 8 yr old, 16 kg, Kiran resident of Larkana district, presented to us on 7th April, 2015 with acute loss of consciousness and recurrent episodes of seizures for 3 days. Patient’s father reported that she was in a usual state of health 15 days back when she developed high grade intermittent fever and constant severe headache associated nausea, vomiting and neck stiffness. She was taken to a primary care hospital in Larkana and treated on the lines of viral/bacterial meningoencephalitis. During her hospital stay in Larkana she developed recurrent episodes of generalized tonic clonic seizures which were controlled by multiple antiepileptic agents. First Lumbar pucture was done on 31ST March, 2015 and CSF DR showed 21mg/dl Protein, 68 mg/dl Glucose, CSF TLC 17 and 2-3 RBC/HPF. CT was done on 31st March, 2015 showed generalized brain edema. Upon arrival in ICU Patel Hospital the patient was in a comatose condition with GCS 5/10, bilateral upgoing planters and flexor response to pain (decorticate) Patient was febrile 103F, other vitals were BP 130/90, Pulse 100, RR 28. After the child was stabilized, a thorough history, physical examination was done; initial laboratory tests, lumbar puncture, and MRI were performed. CBC showed normocytic anemia and peripheral film showed target cells, sickle cells, anisocystosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia diamorphic picture. Hb Electrophoresis was sent on hematologist advice. Patient was started on mannitol to decrease intracranial pressure and multiple antiepileptic agents for seizure prevention. ATT, bacterial and viral meningitis cover was given and CSF DR was sent on 9th April, 2015 which showed 27 mg/dl Protein, 71 mg/dl Glucose, Chloride 123 mg/dl, TLC 04 and 17 RBC/HPF. CSF fluid gram stain, culture were initially negative. AFB Culture report to follow in 6 weeks. MRI done on 8th April, 2015 showed widespread abnormal signal intensity area involving bilateral frontal and parietal lobes. Few focal hyperintense signals were identified on bilateral occipital region which may represent areas of ischemic infarction. An alternate diagnosis such as cerebral ischemia due to small infarcts/ vasculitis involving bilateral frontal and parietal lobes was sought secondary to Hb SD disease. Patient had significant improvement in GCS 10/15 with spontaneous eye opening, withdrawal on pain and few incomprehensible sounds and was shifted out of the ICU due to financial constraints. Graph 1.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography Conclusion The case demonstrates increase susceptibility to infections in Hb SD disease. Studies are seldom on Hb D in Pakistan. Genetic counceling is of pivotal role in hereditary hemoglobinopathies and hospitals should consider it as an important management strategy and employ in hospital genetic counceling facilities. Hydroxyurea used to increase Hb F levels in Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease Hb SS disease has shown efficacy by reducing the complications, frequency of transfusions and hospitalization but its role in Hb SD Punjab is not well established. A recent study in India showed reduction in incidence of vaso-occlution and frequency blood transfusions in Hb SD Punjab disease which is encouraging and more studies should be done on the management of Hb SC compound heterozygous disease. (10) References Rahimah A, Syahira Lazira O, Siti Hida HM, Faidatul Syazlin AH, Nur Aisyah A, Nik Hafidzah NM, Zubaidah Z. Haemoglobin sickle d punjab: a case report. Med J Malaysia. 2014 Feb;69(1):42-3. Birol G, Abdullah C, Cagatay U4, Sule MY, Ferda TT, Sevcan TB. ÃŽ ²-Globin chain abnormalities with coexisting ÃŽ ±-thalassemia mutations. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8, 4: 644-649. El-Kalla S, Mathews A R. HbD Punjab in the United Arab Emirates. Hemoglobin 1997;21:369-75. Ghani R,Manji MA,Ahmed N. Hemoglobinopathies among five major ethnic groups in Karachi, Pakistan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health.2002 Dec;33(4):855-61. Thom CS, Dickson CF, Gell DA, Weiss MJ. Hemoglobin variants: biochemical properties and clinical correlates. ColdSpring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3(3):a011858.4. Torres Lde S,Okumura JV,Silva DG,Bonini-Domingos CR. Hemoglobin D-Punjab:origin,distributionand laboratory diagnosis. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter.2015 Mar-Apr;37(2):120-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2015.02.007. Epub 2015 Feb 23. Adekile A, Muah-AlI A, Akar NA. Does elevated hemoglobin Fmodulate the phenotype in Hb SD-Los Angeles? ActaHaematol. 2010;123(3):135–9. Taghavi Basmanj M, Karimipoor M, Amirian A, Jafarinejad M,Katouzian L, Valaei A, et al. Co-inheritance of hemoglobin D and thalassemia traits in three families: clinical relevance.Arch Iran Med. 2011;14(1):61–3. Winford CW, John NL. Wintrobes Clinical Hematology, 11th edn. Philadephia; 2004. pp. 1347-81. Patel S, Purohit P, Ranjeet SM, Dehury S, Meher S, Sahoo S,et al. The effect of hydroxyurea on compound heterozygotesfor sickle cell-hemoglobin D-Punjab—a single centreexperience in eastern India. Pediatr Blood Cancer.2014;61(8):1341–6.32.

Mononucleosis Essay -- Medical Disease Health Herpes Biology Essays

Mononucleosis Mononucleosis is a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is a member of the herpes family. The herpes family also includes viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox, genital herpes, and birth defects (7). Mono, short for mononucleosis (3) "gets its name from the fact that it causes a person's white blood cells to become distorted, so that they have only one nucleus (becoming mononuclear) instead of the usual divided nucleus.'; (3) The first accounts of mono are credited to Filatov and Pfeiffer who around the end of the nineteenth century described and illness known as Drusenfieber or glandular fever which occurred in family outbreaks. However, the establishment of mono is given to Sprunt and Evans. In 1921 they pointed out the mononuclear lymphocytosis that was present in each patient they treated. Two years later, Downey and McKinaly provided more details of the lymphocytes as a marker that led to the disease. (6) The idea of EBV being connected to mono came about in 1958 by Burkitt. There were some cases in Africa of young children having tumors in their jaw and dying even when the tumor was removed. He later found out that the patients were coming from areas highly infested with mosquitoes, so they figured that the mosquitoes were related. The mosquitoes were carrying a virus in the herpes family, which was later called Epstein-Barr virus. This virus was later revealed to be linked with mono. (6) Anyone can get mono but it is most common in teens and young adults, mostly high school and college students. Children who are infected with EBV when they are really young are able to manufacture antibodies against the virus. If a person's body does not have EBV already they will most likely contract the virus later in their life and be able to build these antibodies. Only a small amount of teens and young adults actually get mono because they have already been exposed to EBV at a younger age. (7) Mono usually occurs in females between the ages of 15 to 16 years, and males between the ages of 18 to 23 years (4). People call it the "kissing disease'; due to the fact that it is spread through close contact and saliva (2). Drinking after someone, or eating after him or her can also contract mono (2). In the United States more than 100,000 cases of mono are diagnosed each year (7). At colleges 300 to 1500 out of 100,00... ... ways to treat it without leading to death. Works Cited 1. Beers, MD Mark H., and Robert Berkow, MD, ed. The Merck Manual Of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th ed. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999. 2. Cassidy, Jo. "What's in a Name? Mononucleosis.'; Current Health 17: 9 (1990): 14-15. 3. Dinamoor, Robert S. "When Mono Attacks Take It Lying Down.'; Current Health 20: 9 (1993): 30-31. 4. Dreher, Nancy. "What You Need To Know about Mono.'; Current Health 23: 3 (1997): 28-29. 5. Kaye, Kenneth M., and Elliot Kieff. "Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Infectious Mononucleosis.'; Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed. Ed. John G. Barlett, MD, Neil R. Blacklow, MD, and Sherwood L. Gorback, MD. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1998. 1646-1650. 6. Schooley, Robert T. "Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis).'; Ed. John E. Bennett, MD, Raphael Dolin, MD, and Gerald L. Mandell, MD. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995. 1364-1373. 7. Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein. Mononucleosis. Hillside, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1994.

Coal :: Energy Resources Fossil Fuels Essays

Coal In the world today, Coal is one of the most used Fossil Fuels in America. The black gold, which I like to call it, affects America in so many different ways. Have no worries coal is no where from becoming extinct or replaced. "Coal will be popular big time, in 2005," says Jim Thompson, who edits the weekly report U.S. Coal Review out of Knoxville, Tenn. "There will be more test bums than ever." In Wyoming alone they shipped out over four hundred million tons. I can’t even imagine how large that quantity is. Coal is so useful and America depends on coal greatly (Gransbery). Coal is utilized for combustion, which benefits the Residential areas and Power Plants. The coal used for that is known as Bituminous coal. That can be found in the Appalachian Mountains and even some central states. This type of coal is used due to its high heating value and high sulfur content Coal is also capable of being converted into gaseous or liquid fuel. Before any of thi s can happen, we need to find the mother load of the coal. Another word for that is the reserves. The major reserves in America for coal are found in the Northern Great Planes, Texas and Gulf of Mexico. Fossil Fuels are known for making a mess and causing a lot of environmental problems. They can create some serious pollution to the environment. One of the worse air pollution episodes occurred in 1948. In Donora, Pa twenty were found dead and over six thousand became quite ill quickly. The main cause of this disaster was the due to the high concentrations of SO2. That is why it is important to do whatever you can to eliminate as much as the pollution factor as you can. Cleaning the coal before combustion pretreatment will reduce pollution and even when your done cleaning you can clean the stack gases after combustion. This is an often-missed step in the pollution elimination process. Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham has a new idea why to clean the coal. This isn’t just for environment safety but he believes that it will be a major source of hydrogen in the years to come.

Cormyr :: Essays Papers

Cormyr I chose this particular book mainly because of the authors. I have read previous books written by them and I liked their works. Another thing that caught my attention was the size of the book. I have never read anything larger than 300 pages. The name of this book is called Cormyr, the book was called this because it is the entire the history and present happenings of Cormyr. Cormyr sticks to a general plot that highlights many problems that eventually â€Å"spell the end of Cormyr†. The book tells a story in the present and at the same time constantly reflects the history that got them there. I would not suggest a different title, the title reflects accurately what the book is about. In the story of Cormyr, the author conveys over and over how history always seems to repeats itself. I believe the authors’ purpose in writing this book was to explain a theory in an entertaining fashion. I do not know much more about the author except that my brother told me that Ed Greenwood writes good stories. The story takes place between –400 DR and 1369 DR. I know this because the heading of all the chapters have a date included. For reference –400 DR could be compared to our Bronze age and 1369 DR would be compared to our Medieval era. The story of Cormyr takes place on a magical continent called Toril. Cormyr is located towards the center of the land near a fairly large body of water called the Sea of Swords. I know this because many battles take place along the Sea of Swords. The story setting is very effective for those who read this kind of material. Cormyr is a magical land based on a system of kingdoms, fiefdoms, and ancient battles. The feeling that the author creates would not be the same if the setting had been anywhere else. For example, if her had tried a oriental setting, the same system of government would not apply and many of the characters would not be able to act the same without changing the atmosphere of the story. The main characters in Cormyr are Baureble, King Azoun IV, Vangerdahast, Princess Tanalasta, Aunadar Bleth. Baureble is the founding wizard of Cormyr, he is the first to settle the land and the first to make peace with the elves.

Nursing Diagnosis Essay

Answer Key – Review Questions and Rationales 1. Answer: P, acute pain; E, related to incisional trauma; S, evidenced by pain reported at 7, with guarding, and restricted turning and positioning. The PES format stands for: P (problem), E (etiology or related factor), and S (symptoms or defining characteristics). 2. Answer: 1, 4. Answer 1 is stated correctly, with the related factor being the patient’s response to a health problem. Answer 4, risk for infection, is a risk factor for an at-risk diagnosis. In all cases the related factor or risk factor is a condition for which the nurse can implement preventive measures. Answer 2 is incorrect since chronic emphysema is a medical diagnosis. Answer 3 is not a NANDA-I–approved nursing diagnosis. 3. Answer: 3. In the review of data, the nurse compares defining characteristics for the two nursing diagnoses and selects one based on the interpretation of data. Making a diagnostic statement is incorrect because the nurse has not included a related factor. Read more:  How to write a diagnostic essay. 4. Answer: 3. A patient’s readiness for enhanced communication is an example of a health-promotion diagnosis because it implies the patient’s motivation and desire to strengthen his health. 5. Answer: 3, 4. In answer 3 the nurse fails to validate her assessment findings of edema, either by using a scale to measure the severity or by asking a colleague to validate her findings. In answer 4 the nurse prematurely closes clustering, which can lead to an inaccurate diagnosis. In answer 1 the nurse validates  findings to make an accurate diagnosis. In answer 2 the nurse interprets cue clusters to make an accurate diagnosis. 6. Answer: 4. In this example intestinal colitis is a medical diagnosis and thus an incorrect diagnostic statement. 7. Answer: 2, 3, 4, 1. 8. Answer: 1 a, 2 b and d, 3 e, 4 c. Choice a is an example of lack of skill, an error in collecting data. Choice b is an example of using an insufficient number of cues, an error in interpretation. Choice c is an example of not accurately identifying the problem, a labeling error. Choice d is an example of not incorporating cultural information into the diagnostic process, an error in interpretation. Choice e is an example of incorrect clustering, a clustering error. 9. Answer: 1, 2, 4. Diagnosis 1 uses a medical diagnosis as a related factor. Diagnosis 2 uses a clinical sign rather than a treatable etiology such as â€Å"excess noise in environment.† Diagnosis 4 uses a diagnostic study as the etiology. None of the etiologies can be managed or treated by nursing intervention. 10. Answer: 2, 4, 5. The presence of abdominal pain, distention, and a change in bowel elimination pattern forms a cluster, suggesting an elimination problem. 11. Answer: The best way to understand the answer to this question is to have a list of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses and their defining characteristics. For example, the nursing diagnosis of constipation is a possible choice. Examples of additional defining characteristics for which the nurse might assess include checking the quality of bowel sounds, palpating the abdomen for a possible mass, observing the character of any stool that is passed, asking the patient if she is passing flatus. 12. Answer: 2, 3, 5. Pacing, getting lost, and hyperactivity are a cluster of defining characteristics that point to the diagnostic label of wandering. 13. Answer: 2, 3. Hemorrhage and wound infection are collaborative problems, actual or potential physiological complications. Nurses typically monitor for these to detect changes in a patient’s status. Nausea and fear are both NANDA-I approved nursing diagnoses. 14. Answer: 3. Answer 3 is an accurate NANDA-I approved nursing diagnosis with an appropriate etiology. Answer 1 is a goal with an etiologic factor. Answer 2 is a goal with a diagnostic statement. Answer 4 is a nursing diagnostic label with a clinical sign. 15. Answer: 1. A risk diagnosis does not have defining characteristics, but instead risk factors. Risk factors are the environmental, physiological, psychological, genetic, or chemical elements that place a person at risk for a health problem.

Outline and Explain the Inequalities in Health and Illness According to Social Class

Outline and explain the inequalities in health and illness according to social class. This essay will explain the inequalities that occur in health and social care due to social class. It will show statistics of health and mortality rates and distinguish between different approaches to health. It will show factors that can influence an individuals health such as class, society and individual choice. Inequalities in health are a long standing and well recognised part of modern society.Within society the opportunity to live a healthy life free from illness is not evenly balanced between the classes. (Yuill,2010). To define what is meant by social class, Crompton (2008 ) page 95 said, â€Å"A social class is two or more orders of people who are ranked by society. Members of a class tend to marry within their own order, but the values of society permit them to marry up or down. A class system also provides that a child is born into the same class as their parents. † There are two main scales that define class in society.The National Statistics Socio-economic Classification Scale breaks society down into eight main classes. The Standard Occupational Classification (2000) breaks society into nine classes but has many subdivisions in between. To define what is meant by health varies widely between organisation’s but the most commonly used definition is one given by the World Health Organisation which says â€Å" Health is a complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing. †(Tulchinsky, 2009, page 47).Surrounding the issue of health there are two main ‘models’ which are used. The medical model is based around the absence of disease or disability. If an individual has no disease or disability they are thought of as being in good health. The medical model focuses on the treatment and cure of disease and not on the cause or prevention (Eldin, G,2000) . The social model, according to, Barkaway 2009, health is seen as partially attr ibuted to the social circumstances of individuals. This can be in terms of their income, gender, education and status.The social model also says that an individuals health is also effected by the economic, social, political and welfare policies of a society (Barkaway, 2009) The differences caused by health and social class can be seen as far back as 1843 when Edwin Chadwick published â€Å"The General Report on Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain†. In this h showed that the average age of death in Liverpool at the time was 36 for gentry and professionals but only 15 for labourers, mechanics and servants (Chadwick, 1843).The reasons behind these differences between health and social class can be down to employment status. Particularly in earlier history when the lower classes where mainly employed in the manual industries such as the coal mines, shipyards and factories. These types of employment were known to cause massive health problems such as e mphysema and asbestosis. â€Å"Poverty, poor housing and lack of health resources and provisions is a risk to the lower classes. †(patient. co. uk, 2012) Before the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948, being able to have access to a doctor was a luxury the lower classes could not afford.Doctors and hospitals were only available privately so were only afforded by the upper classes. Some areas did have charity ran hospitals but these were unclean and treatment was slow. Poorer people almost always relied on, sometimes dangerous, herbal methods or back street doctors. Alongside the introduction of the NHS came the view that healthcare is a right and not something to be dispensed erratically by charity. (Rivett, no date) National statistics. Social Model and how it is trying to improve the health of the lower classes. Black report Inverse care law Parsons sick roll Foucaults policy

Prejudice on to kill a mockingbird 1 Essay

Prejudice is a negative aspect of society that has unfavorably affected many different people. In the novel, racial prejudice is evident but there are more types of prejudice on the novel. We said that racial prejudice is evident because in the novel a black man (Tom Robinson) was caused from raping a woman named Mayella Ewell and therefore had to go to trial. There were many points of view with regard to the case of Tom Robinson, but of course all influenced by prejudice because the color of Tom. The people of Maycomb town thought that Tom was guilty. Atticus and children (Scout, Jem, and Dill) thought that he was innocent. When we read this we can see that the prejudice is an important theme in the novel. For this reason it is necessary to make an analysis of this topic. People of Maycomb town always knew what the verdict of the trial was going to be (the judicial system was full of prejudice), even though some of them deep down knew that Tom was innocent, he don’t rape Mayella. [1]. Maycomb, like most small southern towns, has a problem with widespread racism (type of prejudice) toward African American people. As Maycomb was a small town with little or no new residents, people living there formed prejudices about various families over the generations. Social prejudice in Maycomb caused families to be stereotyped, which had a negative impact on members of those various families as it caused their character to become ‘fixed’ just by their household name. It also had a negative impact on the individual residents of Maycomb, causing them to have unequal treatment. An example of this prejudice is the rejection attitude of the town to Boo Radley, only because he is a Radley . Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird can be categorized into three forms, social prejudice, racial prejudice and gender prejudice.

Mr. Know All Essay

Mr. K seems to be a fake person but finally he saves the lady’s life and marriage. It’s not always good to judge a book by its cover. A Road Not Take: How people in the world make decisions. Hots: * Inference. Interpreting the sigh (somewhere ages and ages hence) was he happy or not? It wasn’t that he wasn’t happy with his choice. It’s only he wanted to be able to walk through both paths. Once you’ve taken a single path you change your life forever. You can’t jump into the same river twice. You’re a different person, both you and the river change. Even if you do go back, you’re not the same person anymore. One path leads you to another. * Explaining a pattern. * Problem solving. How does he choose? How does he weigh the pros and cons? He uses this skill to compare and contrasts, he tries to see which one’s better which one was used more, in the end he just takes the one that wanted wear, the one that more people have walked on and that’s way we can’t be sure whether or not his choice was correct. He tried to see where the roads bend. (â€Å"I kept the other to another day† though we know he can’t bring back time†) maybe he’s choosing between good and good. Literary terms: * Symbolism. The path, time and day, yellow woods – either dawn (new beginning) or the seasons (fall) – a time of change. Metamorphosis. * Theme. What was he trying to tell us? Was he happy?. It’s one of hope and one of regret. It’s up to interpretation. There’s both regret and comfort. (The more correct – he’s not sorry about what he took but he’s sorry about the human feeling of having to have both and being forced to choose one. ) He has a dilemma and he has to make a decision. As I grew older: On the one hand Langston Hughes could be just a regular person who has dreams, and as he grows older his dreams are obliterated by a big wall causing a shadow and either he decide to break through it and achieve his goals. However, we know he was African American and the fact of him being black, made him who he is. By knowing how he feels about racism and discrimination, we understand the poem better. When he’s a kid he doesn’t understand he’s being put within a society in which he can succeed. But as he’s growing older he understands he can’t achieve what he wants to achieve with the current reality. When he becomes an adult he understand how limited he is. He lays there in the shadow looking at the wall. Then, he look at his dark black hand (negative connotation) on the other hand, these black hands are the ones that smash the wall into thousands of pieces of light. He’s his own master, he has the power. If he wants to do it he and only he can change is fate. HOTS: * Distinguishing different prospective – his perspective towards life change throughout the poem. (Kid – Insight – Won’t accept his fate). * Cause & Effect – he basically has to cause the effect. He’s the person (the simple man) who can take charge. He’s the only one who can change his fate and cause the effect. If there wasn’t a cause and he fact he’d just stay there lying looking at the wall grow older and older. He believes the discrimination is wrong but it’s not enough to talk and the action that he takes violently by smashing the wall and shattering the darkness might change his fate and then he’ll be able to achieve his dreams. Literary terms: * Symbols: mood, hand, theme, racism, discrimination. Read the poems and story and read all the questions. Read all the summaries. As I grew older – the question we answered on the board. How it’s being checked – 80% content,20% grammar.

A Study On The Adkar Model Management Essay

A Study On The Adkar Model Management Essay The purpose of this report is to understand the change management and the models which the organisation faces now. The report will also provide the recommendations for the organisation that can makes the organisation become less destructive while carry out the change and provide the tools of change. The structure of the report will consist 3 parts which are literature review, case study, and recommendation. Literature Review: Kurt Lewin know it’s important to form an integrated approach to bring about change at the group or organizational levels and contribute a 3-step change models. Lewin (1947a) stated that change process involved three steps in order to change efficiency and they are stage 1 (unfreezing), stage 2 (moving), and stage 3 (refreezing) (Lewin, 1947). Unfreezing step means make the correct situation for change to happens (London Management Centre, n.d.). Lewin argued that the stability needs to be weakened which means unfrozen (take away the old behaviour can be that lead to a new behaviour successfully adopted). Schein (1996) argued that the key for unfreezing is to recognise the individual or group level change and it were a profound psychological dynamic process’. Moving stage is to create inspiration to learn but does not essentially control or predict the direction (Schein, 1996). Organisation should find out all the forces at work and identify and evaluate in order to get all the available options from trial or error basis (Lewin, 1947a). However, Lewin (1947a) also recognized that, without reinforcement, change will not last forever. The last stage of the model is refreezing. This stage is to recreate a stable atmosphere and elevates comfort levels by reconnecting people back into their familiar place (London Management Centre, n.d.). This is important as changes to individual behaviour will not be sustained unless group norms and routines are also been transformed and set. Therefore, it often requires changes to organization al norms, culture, practices and policies (Cummings and Huse, 1989). 3 steps model gives manager a framework that how to implement a change efficient, which can make the change process carried out fluently. The Kurt Lewin model can help a leader do the following three steps that helps to minimize the disruption of the structure’s operations, make a radical change, and make sure that the changes is sustainable (Morrison, 2010). Many have is argued that Lewin’s planned approach is too simplistic and mechanistic as organizational change happens everyday and open-ended process nowadays (Dawson, 1994 &e Garvin, 1993). Lewin is seen as advocating a top-down, management approach to change and ignore the situations that require bottom-up change (Dawson, 1994). Lewin’s 3 steps change model can be used if there is a short term goals to meet and celebrate (Kotter, 1996). This is because people will start to resist to change if there is no short term wins. Lewin stated that organisations should establishing the goals and objectives. Organisation should reward people that involved with recognition, promotion or money (Kanter, 1993). 3 steps change model is more construct than content driven, describing competence using language such as team working, problem solving, and effective communication (French, 1999).

Hand hygiene Critiquing an article using Quallitative technique Assignment

Hand hygiene Critiquing an article using Quallitative technique - Assignment Example s a seminal moment in the nursing field has been published; Karen Lee’s article â€Å"student and infection prevention and control nurses’ hand hygiene decision making in stimulated clinical scenarios and the use of hand washing, gel and glove† is one such articles. This paper shall candidly and comprehensively critique the aforementioned article. Firstly, research critique is an informed stepwise process of carefully and objectively gauging the weaknesses and strengths of a particular study with the particular motive of improving the research skills by effecting changes in the critiqued or apparently wrong or weak areas or sections. While there are many frameworks used in critiquing a research, this paper critiques Lee’s article using the step-by-step guide posited by Patricia Cronin, Michael Coughlan, and Frances Ryan (2007). To begin with, the title of a research should be precise, 15-20 words, contain key terminologies in the pertinent field, arouse curiosity and interest while attracting the readers’ attention. While the title of Lee’s research strives to be objective, Lee ends up with an excessively long title, 27 words, that is more general and lacking details as it simply mentions controlling of infections through hand hygiene in nurses and students. Shortening the title and adding more terminologies that will ground it in the nursing field will create a more professional look and make the article quite enlightening without the need to go into finer details in the body of the research (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2006). The author’s professional and academic qualification significantly determines their ability to deliver in a given field. Polit and Berk (2009) assert that the author’s attained domain, integrity and professional be reflected in a research article. Lee meets this threshold as he has an apposite academic, and proficient qualification in the nursing field having taught in a medicine school for 30 years. The article’s credibility,

Human Resource Planning and Organizational Strategy Research Paper

Human Resource Planning and Organizational Strategy - Research Paper Example As such, human resource planning activities complements strategic development and implementation (Plunkett et. al., 2013). Human resource planning is the element of the staffing process that involves the assessment of an organization’s employees, predicts future needs and examines the need to retain or add employees. Recruitment involves identifying qualified potential employees. The element of selection has to do with examining candidates and hiring the ones who are best qualified and suitable for the job. In orientation, newly hired employees are acquainted with the environment within the organization. Training and development is the element of the staffing process that involves equipping employees with new knowledge, skills and competencies to facilitate and improve their performance. Through performance appraisal, the human resource management devises ways of assessing how well employees do in their jobs and how to reward them. Compensation is an important element of the staffing process that helps set employees’ payments and benefits. Employment decisions are the eighth element of sta ffing process that helps determine which employees are to be fired, laid off or promoted (Nelson & Public Library Association, 2008). The element of human resource planning corresponds to the human resource planning activity of assessing an organization’s staffing needs. Staffing process’ element of recruitment exemplifies one of the most important activities of human resource planning of getting new employees for the organization. Selection and orientation are the steps that follow the human resource planning activity of assessing the organization’s staffing needs. The human resource activity of budgeting complements the elements of the staffing process including training and development, performance appraisal and compensation. The element of employment decisions is encompassed

Research Methods on Economy Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Methods on Economy - Research Proposal Example As the report declars  the variables selected for analysis are Investments, Assets, Liabilities, Debt, Equity, and Earnings per share, Return on Assets, Return on Investment, Asset Turnover, Current Ratio, Quick ratio. Each country is analyzed for each variable separately using time series analysis. The interpretation for each measure of performance is explained. The limitations of the study are listed.As the discussion stresses economic liberalization and globalization have brought about a new and competitive environment for the common and small investors who are willing to participate in the equity of the corporate sector in our country. Understanding the firm’s investment decisions under imperfect market conditions is one of the central issues of the financial economics. Studying firm’s investment in such environment can provide insight into the dynamics of its growth as a function of internal and external financial sources. In the presence of financing constraints the firm’s investment vary not only with the availability of the profitable investment projects, but also with the internal funds. Consequently, the severity of the financing constraints is proposed to be measured by the magnitude of the cash flow sensitivity of investment. In this paper, the authors propose an alternative perspective to investigate the relationship between financing conditions and the sensitivity measure.   The paper concludes by stating that financing conditions may determine investment and growth of the European Firms.

SPEECH #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SPEECH #3 - Essay Example In human society, the reasons for friendship formation may vary from each particular person to another. Each of the reasons must have its own strengths and weakness with regard to people’s perceptions. This discussion will consider the reason that makes the most sense, its strengths and weaknesses, and the most ridiculous reasons for attraction between individuals. Perceived similarity has been considered as the most sensible reason for attraction between individuals. Perceiving that other people possess similar attitudes and beliefs as oneself, encourages interpersonal attraction (Adler and Proctor 271). Those individuals, who share attitudes and characteristics, tend to attract each other, and they usually form strong relationships. It is a common belief that individuals with real similarity develop initial attraction. Due to perceived similarity, people can be rated as similar to others in on-going relationships (Adler and Proctor 271). Such perception can either be a romantic relationship or friendship. Individuals tend to have positive emotions towards other people after recognizing that they have similar attitudes and characteristics. Therefore, similarity is of great importance in human society because people are always in need of others, conforming to their beliefs and values (Adler and Proctor 271). However, perceived similarity has g ot both strengths and weaknesses. Similarity is a very strong factor in enhancing relationships between individuals as people with similar attitudes and characteristics feel motivated to contribute ideas freely to their colleagues (Adler and Proctor 271). However, the extent of similarity between individuals in on-going relationships may change as individuals interact with social and physical factors in the world. Individuals who used to share attitudes, beliefs and other characteristics may possess different attitudes, beliefs

Teachers_ perceptions of the use of technology in teaching language Article

Teachers_ perceptions of the use of technology in teaching language - Article Example First an introduction has been given as to what contribution has technology made in education and especially the teaching of language. Then, teachers’ competencies and barriers to the integration of technology have been discussed. After that, various technological tools and concept are discussed like CALL and ICT, which the teachers can make use of to facilitate their language teaching process. The report is summarized in a concluding paragraph and MLA referencing style has been used properly. Introduction Since the advent of sophisticated technological means, the educators have been trying to modify the instructional process with the help of technology. According to Baker, early 1960’s brought with it â€Å"new curricula, instructional models, and approaches to individualization† (3) of instruction but the drawback with these instructional schemes was their poor management. An ideal classroom environment is so dynamic in which each student presents his own under standing and is comfortable with his own set of instructional materials. Thus, the teacher needs to organize instructional schemes in such a way that all students with their unique calibers are equally attended to. Teachers started feeling the necessity of incorporating information and communication technology in teaching language. According to Kaka, â€Å"Technology (internet) in another side can be the most effective way to increase the student’s knowledge.† Teacher Perception, Competencies and Barriers Kong and Kwok studied teacher perception of the use of information technology in teaching languages in a school in Hong Kong and examined this perception under four domains that included â€Å"teacher perception of their computer training, computer facilities and assistance available, their confidence and comfortability in using computer in daily lessons, and their perception of their roles in using IT in classrooms.† Their survey results supported the idea tha t teacher perception had a positive effect in the usage if teacher-centered technological approaches in the teaching process. They also found that the teachers and the school administration worked in a collaborative environment for the implementation and usage of IT in classrooms especially in language learning. Another similar research has been conducted by Ismail, Ghaleb and Almekhlafi (37) who studied teacher perception teaching Arabic and English languages in schools in UAE. They also found that teachers’ support and willingness to incorporate technology in their teaching languages is very important to obtain positive outcomes. They discussed the benefits of the usage of IT both for the teachers and the students and found from their qualitative and quantitative research that teacher perception should be considered seriously for better implementation of technological tools in classrooms. Hence, as Woodrow (qtd. in Ismail, Ghaleb and Almakhlefi 37) asserts, â€Å"teachers are seen to be active agents in the process of changes and implementation of new ideas as their beliefs and attitudes may support or impede the success of any educational reform such as the utilization of an innovative technology program.† Technological advances have greatly facilitated the language learning. The teachers today can use many technological too

Business Transformation of Moevenpick Hotels and Resorts using VRINE, Essay

Business Transformation of Moevenpick Hotels and Resorts using VRINE, CAGE and Corporate Entity (Diversification) Frameworks - Essay Example MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG has focused on expanding into its traditional regions of Europe, Africa, Middle East and Asia. Such diversified presence in various regions of the world therefore indicates that it has been able to successfully expand in different markets. In this paper I will be concentrating on the MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG to seek the possibility of transforming the company using the VRINE model, CAGE as well as Corporate Entity (Diversification) models for better opportunities and higher market share. MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG manages 70 hotels of a total of 17,646 rooms in 24 countries in the market of upscale business hotels, holiday resorts and residences. Business hotels are 57% of the company’s managed hotels; resorts are 32% of the company’s managed hotels and 11% cruises. MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG has five regional offices in; Zurich acting as the corporate office for MÃ ¶venpick Hotels and Resorts AG and managing the region of Europe, Thailand, managing the region of Asia Pacific, United Arab Emirates, managing the region of the Middle East and India, Shanghai, Managing the region of China and Cairo, Managing the region of Africa. It is an analytical framework suggesting that an organization with resources and capabilities which are Valuable, Rare, Inimitable, Non-substitutable and Exploitable will gain a competitive advantage in the market. (Quizlet, 2012). It is however, critical to understand what actually resources and capabilities are and how they can actually provide a firm its overall competitive advantage over other firms in the industry. Barney (Cited in Peng and South-Western, 2008:3) defined the resources as ‘The tangible and intangible assets a firm uses to choose and implement its strategies’ while capability is a firm’s ability to make use of its resources in a highly productive way. (Santiago, 2003) Resources can be either tangible such as land and

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

2 - Assignment Example uence on children could not meet the case to label the photograph as "obscene", as there is partial display of genital hair and the photograph was pasted in Oncore premises, where children do not go. The most imperative reason to pursue Kathys argument and to conclude that the photographs, the art work are not obscene encompasses its social rationale. The photograph had a purpose, a motive to generate civic awareness about the safe sex with an intention to avert the cases of AIDS, one of the most dreaded and incurable diseases of the present epoch. AIDS has emerged as the leading cause of death under forty in Seattle area, hence display of safety measures cannot be considered obscene, it is also in compliance with the definition of material being obscene as per Blacks Law Dictionary. The art work is aimed at homosexual community. "Community standards" involved are those of the gay community rather than city at large. However, Oncore possess clientele of such communities but awareness is equally imperative among general community as well. Kathy pin-pointed homosexuals as they are the frequent visitors at Oncore, but if the issue is related with generating awareness about the safe sex to combat AIDS, then engendering consciousness in the mass is of greater significance. Kathy has shaped her arguments in the most logical and methodological manner by integrating the facts from basic law dictionary to the Mass Media Laws and also incorporated "Contemporary community standards" to reflect on the trustworthiness of the argument. Katy has meticulously placed each and every fact in a practical and coherent manner which are enough to gain the support of readers and audience to a greater extent. Display of obscene photograph which does not abide by the rules and norms set by the "Washington State Liquor Control Board", is again a violation of rules. The photographs were rejected on the basis of "partially exposed private parts of male anatomy". The photograph could not

Human Resources Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Management Essay On Monday, 13 January 2014, Ada wrote to Ben saying, â€Å"Please sell me your vintage BNW car for $80,000†. On Tuesday, 14 January 2014, Ben replied by leaving a message on Ada’s voicemail, â€Å"Sure, provided you pay by cash†. Ben then changed his mind and he posted a letter to Ada which read, â€Å"I have reconsidered the matter. I am no longer able to sell you my BNW†. This letter arrived on Thursday, 16 January 2014, before Ada checked her voicemail. 1) Advise Ada and Ben. There is no contract between Ada and Ben. This is because initially Ben leaves a message on Ada’s voicemail to accept the offer. However, Ben changes his mind and posts the letter to Ada on the same day, but the letter arrived before Ada checked her voicemail. Although the voicemail was sent earlier than the letter, acceptance can only be made with actual communication and notification to the offeror. Besides, according to the postal rule, the acceptance is deemed to be competed when the properly stamped and addressed letter of acceptance is posted, and not when it is delivered to the offerors’ address, or received by them, or brought to their notice, or read by them.1 This rule, laid down in Adam v. Lindsell in 1818. It explained that if the defendants were not bound by their offer when accepted by the plaintiffs till the answer was received, then the plaintiffs ought not to be bound till after they had received the notification that the defendants had received their a nswer and assented to it.2 In this case, the contract be only be made unless Ada checks her voicemail before the letter arrived. Therefore, Ada does not have any legal claim against Ben. 2) What difference, if any, would it make if: a) Ben’s letter had never arrived; There is no contract between Ada and Ben if Ada never checks her voicemail. This is because the postal rule does not apply to situations where the acceptance of an offer is communicated by any instantaneous methods such as telex, telephone and fax. The rule with regard to acceptance by such methods is that the contract is complete only when the acceptance is received by the offeror.3 Therefore, the contract only takes effect when it is received and read by Ada. On the other hand, there is a binding contract between Ada and Ben if Ada has knowledge of the acceptance by Ben. The contract comes into existence as soon as Ada checks the voicemail. With reference to the case of Entores Ltd v. Miles Far East Corporation in 1955, the plaintiff in London sent a telex to the defendant in Amsterdam offering to buy goods from the defendant. The defendant sent a telex in return to the plaintiff accepting the offer. Therefore, a contract was made between the parties when the defendant’s acceptance was accepted by the plaintiff.4 b) Because of a fault on Ada’s voicemail system, Ben’s message had not been recorded; There is no contract between Ben and Ada. This is because Ben’s message has not been recorded, so Ada does not receive and read the message. Since there cannot be acceptance of an offer without the knowledge of it, acceptance must be communicated to the offer, and mere inactivity or silence on the offeree does not create a contract as well. The rule laid down in Felthouse v. Bindley that mere inactivity or silence cannot amount to an acceptance is correct in 1862. The plaintiff offered to buy a horse from his nephew, John, who was going to sell it by auction. John intended to accept his uncle’s offer and advised the auctioneer to reserve the horse for his uncle. However, the nephew did not send his acceptance to the plaintiff and finally the horse was sold by the auctioneer by mistake. However, since John had not communicated his acceptance to the plaintiff, there was no contract between them.5 In the case of Ada and Ben, Ben also sends a letter to reject the Ada’s offer  after he has changed his mind. The rejection of an offer by the offeree kills the offer. The offer comes to an end. It can no longer be accepted by the offeree.6 Therefore, a contract cannot come into existence. c) On Sunday, 12 January, Ben had asked Ada if she wanted to buy his BNW? There is an invitation to treat if Ben has asked Ada to buy his BNW. It is not an offer because Ben just invites offer rather than making one. Where Ada accepts the terms of the invitation, she makes an offer but there is still no contract. Ben is still free to accept or reject the offer. With reference to the case of HKSAR v. Wan Hon Sik in 2001, the display of pirated video discs on the shelves of the shop was just an invitation to treat. A customer who selected the goods from shelves and took them to the casher’s desk only made an offer. There was no sale at that point. The contract was not completed until the owner of the shop accepted the offer.7 Therefore, an invitation to treat is different from an offer. In the case of Ada and Ben, since Ada makes an offer which can be accepted or rejected by Ben. No contract has been concluded between them because Ben rejects the offer by sending a letter that is arrived before Ada checks her voicemail.

The various methods of dealing Essay Example for Free

The various methods of dealing Essay Legally, a working Monopoly is defined as a firm which controls 25% of their market. This immediately raises problems, within the measurement of market share, and the definition of their market. Microsoft is a considerably well known monopoly (as a whole), but is this the case for all areas of business? This would be the initial problem: determining their market. Microsoft spans a vast spectrum of business, however, virtually breaking into distinct main markets Desktop and Server. It is clear that Microsoft dominate the Desktop market, far outselling any near threats, but is this the case for the server market? I have broken down the server market into two main areas the Operating System itself, and the web based server. Operating System Percentage Share Linux 31.3% Microsoft Family 24.3% Server Software Percentage Share Apache Foundation 56% IIS (Microsoft) 24% According to the definition, Microsoft is not technically a monopoly in both markets. However, as Microsoft can be accepted to live within a single market (computing), they would have a clear monopoly. Consequentially, problems of dominance begin to occur. It has been discovered that they have been abusing their market power by forcing small firms into signing contracts that require them to purchase their software, should they be using their hardware. There are numerous ways to reduce or reclaim the power of monopolies, some controversial, and some are economic theory, therefore unrealistic. I will be discussing these within my essay. Monopolies tend to play as the dominant firm within their market, and as a result, tend to me price makers rather than takers. However, they can only control the price, or output, but not both. Generally, monopolies can be bad for the market mechanism as they are neither productively nor allocatively efficient. Like most firms, they would choose to profit maximise (at the point MC=MR). As you can see from the diagram on the left, if they choose to output the profit maximising level Q1, they will receive the price displayed by the demand curve P1. Fortunately, there are several remedies for monopoly. The first that I am going to discuss is: regulation. An excellent remedy for pure monopolies (where a single firm dominates 100% of a market) is regulation. Regulation involves the government appointing an independent body to monitor the activities of the firms. Ofcom (merged, previously Oftel) are a working example of this. They are the regulating body for the communications industry, covering telecommunications. Previously, before deregulation occurred, there were two main dominant firms: Telewest/NTL (Now Virgin Media), and British Telecommunications. If there was no regulatory body in place, it would have been too easy for this duopoly (where two main firms dominate the market) to price fix (tactically through the use of informal signals to indicate their future and current pricing structures) and therefore take advantage of the consumers, at they would have little choice other than to remove their fixed line telephones completely. One of the methods that can be used is RPI-X (RPI minus X) regulation. The value of X is defined by the regulatory body, and limits the pricing that firms may change based on the RPI (retail price index) less the value of X. As a result, if RPI-X0 then the firms will be forced to reduce their prices by the resultant value. The kind of price barrier will motivate firms to lower costs (as they cannot increase their prices) in order to generate greater profit for themselves. This kind of regulation has been using against British Gas, which expired on the 31st March 2000. Expanding on my telecommunications example: NTL has had agreements put in place by Oftel of RPI-1, so they were permitted to raise prices by no more than the value of RPI, less 1%, per year. However, this particular agreement expired on 31st December 1996. However, actual regulation has (in my opinion) proven to be inefficient and adequate, and possibly deemed to be failing the industry. A typical example of this lack of regulation is demonstrated by the unstoppable, but inevitable, profits of British Gas. They announced profits of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½992 million for the first 6 months of this year, less than 24 hours after raising household prices by 35. This raises the question of whether or not these price rises are justified. They, along with the rest of the market, justify their actions on the elevation of wholesale gas and electricity prices (costs which they cannot absorb), but is this form of a tacit agreement (where firms informally signal price decision to other firms, to suggest they copy)? While it is proven that the barrel of oil did rise to approximately $150 per barrel, the firms were quick to act, raising their prices in quick succession of each other. However, now that the prices have fallen by half, have the firms taken the same quick action in reducing prices? I think not. This is an example of asymmetric information between the firms and the regulator, where the regulator is only dropping suggestions to the firms; they are not forcing any actions upon them. Despite preaches by Fuel Poverty organisations and EnergyWatch (the regulator), prices are still not falling at the rate that they should be. However, one of the most significant problems lie within determining the correct value of X for RPI-X price capping, as the regulator has few resources (as this example has demonstrated), therefore they cannot correctly evaluate costs. Setting a value too low may lead to under investment within the industry, causing undesired adverse effects. Having said this, the regulatory body has the power to split up a monopoly into multiple, smaller, firms if it deems this as necessary. This can be good for the market, as this will open up it to more competition, and possibly lower barriers to entry for other firms. This is the case of British Gas, where the regulator (Ofgas) had split it up into two major firms: Centrica and Transco. The idea was to open the market up to greater competition, as then British Gas (a trading name of Centrica) who sells the gas to business and domestic users would be separated from Transco who manage the actual gas pipelines. This would lower the barriers to entry (sunk costs) for new firms, as they would not have to produce the gas, nor have it routed to their customers homes. They can simply purchase it at a wholesale rate, and sell that on with a margin for profit. Other countries have adopted a different method for regulating monopolies, called Rate of return regulation. This is where companies are taxed a percentage of their profits, however this has similar problems. As there is no price ceiling introduced by this method, the monopolistic firm(s) may choose to simply increase their prices in order to cover the additional tax. This actually solves no problems, and leaves the consumer worse off, as they would be faced with paying higher prices. As the market is dominated by the few single firms, it may leave the consumer no choice but to purchase their goods from those single or sole suppliers at the higher cost. The competition commission also has a strong say on mergers, whether or not they are permitted to go ahead, if there is a threat to the market of a monopoly. An example of this was the Halifax Bank of Scotland and Lloyds TSB merger which resulted in a monopoly for the merged company of the mortgage market over 30% market share. However, these rules were brushed aside due to the nature of the merger, and the apparent confidence that the bank would collapse, and the government being unable to use more public money, therefore being unable to resort to nationalisation without public backlash. The reverse of regulation, de-regulation, can also help to remedy the problems of monopoly. De-regulation is when remove or simplify restrictions on a market in order to increase competition, or the threat within. While the thread of competition may keep push prices down (limit pricing where firms sell at just above their average costs, therefore diminishing the threat of new firms entering the market, forcing any new entrants not to take the chance as the barriers to entry and exit may be too high), it may not been enough in the long term. An example of this is the postal industry. In 2006, the market was fully deregulated, meaning that any new entrant had the ability to complete a range of functions, ranging from collecting and deliver door-to-door mail, to bulk mailing. While this does open the market up to some serious competition, the barriers to entry are still too high. The initial cost of dropping door-to-door mail to 99% of the country is very labour intensive, and explains why the state owned Royal Mail have a monopoly on this. Additionally, there needs to be a way for new firms to pick-up the mail locally from their clients. All this has to be profitably fairly quickly, as if they firm does not have enough finance behind them, they will quickly go bankrupt. However, there have been several new entrants to the marketplace for courier services, and this has become more apparent over the past few years. Such an example is www.Parcel2Go.com (who are a reseller of such companies such as DHL), but pickup large items from your home (as this cheaper service is domestic) and deliver it to another place of a domestic nature for a extraordinary low fee in comparison to the pricing that Royal Mail would change for the same service. Monopolies can also be dealt with by challenge of new firms. However, when a monopoly exists, this is sometimes less likely due to barriers to entry and exit. The new entrants have to assess these barriers, and judge whether or not it would be wise for them to compete; this then encompasses the theory of contestable markets. There are several factors involved, such as the reputation (pricing predictions) of the current (incumbent) firm. The existing monopoly may employ (legal) limit pricing to keep the threat of competition low, or apply predatory pricing. Illegal in the UK, predatory pricing involves setting the price below cost, with the intent to drive out their rivals, and then raise prices again. Another such formal form of collusion is cartels, however they are also forbidden by law. Fortunately, such anti-competitive practices are removable, however unfortunately, as I have discussed above: tacit collusion is the most likely and the hardest to prove and stop. Furthermore, there is resale price maintenance where the manufacturer will fix the price that the retailer must sell their goods at (they will generally apply this), and if they did not they would refuse to supply, which is again, illegal. Additionally, the incumbent firm can compete with non-pricing strategies, such as brand loyalty schemes or certain kinds of special offers so that their customers naturally do not buy from their competitors. There are also considerable sunk costs that are involved, and the more irrevocable they are, the less tempting for the new entrant. Depreciation is common, and when technology is fast-moving, a production system thats 6 months old can lose considerable value, quickly. An almost totally irrevocable cost is advertising such as branding and gaining that brand awareness and loyalty. While its average cost can be kept low by spreading the budget over large volumes of output, however the only realistic way this cost can be recovered, is if the firm was to sell their entire brand to the monopolist. Unfortunately, the incumbent firm can easy rival any advertising that the new entrant makes, making their efforts redundant. There may also be legal barriers, but these are more uncommon than not. Such barriers will include Patents, where the incumbent firm is rewarded for the research and inventions that they have created, so have a legal barrier to prevent any other firms from coping their idea, design or otherwise. Such patents stand for around 2 decades, so this can be a considerable amount of time for the incumbent firm to gain a monopoly on their product (regardless of the fact they will be the sole supplier). Natural monopolies act at as a barrier to entry for new firms, and within industries such as Water (Thames Water have a monopoly on this), it would be too costly and inefficient to lay down two pipes to consumers homes. However, should the market be deregulated for example, if Thames Water sell the water a wholesale price (such as British Gas does with Gas) then additional firms can afford to enter the market with lower barriers to entry. Finally, there is information asymmetry, where the existing firm has the experience and the knowledge about the industry that allows them to be more productive and drive down their costs. If the information is not known to the new entrants, this can be a sunk cost for them, acting as yet another deterrent for entering the market. However, having discussed the problems that monopolies may bring, the reverse can be true. Monopolies can be beneficial to a market because they achieve greater economies of scale, and tend to have a lower market price than smaller firms as they are more able to pass on cost reduction. A typical example of this would be the comparison of a monopolistic firm such as Tesco against Jays News. A typical product, one pint of milk will cost around 49 pence in a small firms shop, or 26 pence in Tesco. At a 53% saving, it seems clear that monopolies can benefit the greater economy. Sources: NTL Price Capping: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/oftel/ind_info/broadcasting/ntlprice/section2.htm